European Exploration and Its Impact

10. How did the Portuguese establish footholds and trade on Africa’s coasts?

By building forts, trading posts, and forming alliances with African rulers. 11.

How did Balboa’s search for a direct route to Asia differ from Magellan’s voyage?

Balboa crossed Panama by land to reach the Pacific; Magellan sailed around the world across the

oceans. 12. Why were the results of Columbus’s first meeting with Native

Americans in the West Indies important? They began centuries of European exploration, colonization,

and exploitation. 13. How were the Aztec and Inca empires impacted by Spanish

conquistadors and European colonization? They were defeated, their populations drastically declined,