From Indus Cities to Partition

Once upon a time, the Indus River fed great cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.

Centuries passed, and kingdoms rose—Mauryas, Guptas—spreading ideas, trade,

and learning. From the northwest came new rulers and cultures; Delhi’s sultanates formed,

then the Mughals built a vast empire. Later, the British took control,

reshaping politics and identity across the subcontinent. In 1947, Partition created

India and Pakistan—freedom, but also mass migration and tragedy. Kashmir became the unresolved question,

leading to wars, tense borders, and deep mistrust. By 1998, nuclear tests changed

everything—conflict now carried global risk. Today, the past still shapes