Midnight Partition and the Radcliffe Line
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At midnight on August 15, 1947, a single decision ended British rule
in India and instantly created two new countries. The British Parliament passed the Indian
Independence Act in July 1947. It ordered the subcontinent to be divided into India and Pakistan.
The task of drawing the border was given to Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer. He arrived in India
in July 1947 and was given just five weeks. Radcliffe chaired two boundary commissions
Punjab and Bengal. He worked under pressure, using outdated maps and census data.
As independence approached, violence spread across Punjab and Bengal.
On August 14–15, power transferred at midnight. But the actual borders the Radcliffe Line
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