Renal Physiology and Pathology: Healthy vs Diseased Kidney

The human kidneys are vital regulators of systemic homeostasis and metabolic waste elimination.

A healthy kidney maintains smooth contours and optimal vascular perfusion through the renal artery.

At the microscopic level, the glomerular barrier ensures selective filtration of essential molecules.

Water and electrolytes pass freely while plasma proteins and blood cells are strictly retained.

Regulated reabsorption in the tubules maintains the body's delicate acid-base and fluid balance.

Chronic kidney disease leads to cortical thinning, extensive fibrosis, and distorted renal

architecture. Reduced blood flow and increased vascular resistance severely impair the kidney's hemodynamics.

Glomerulosclerosis and podocyte injury lead to catastrophic protein leakage and declining filtration rates.