The Decline of Political Regimes
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In The Republic, Plato describes how each type of city—or regime—gradually decays into the
next, reflecting a moral decline in its citizens. The ideal aristocracy, ruled by reason
and wisdom, eventually becomes a timocracy when the guardians begin to value honor and
military success over virtue. This honor-loving city then devolves into an oligarchy,
where love of wealth replaces love of honor, and the rich rule while the poor are
excluded from power. The inequality and greed in oligarchy lead to class conflict, producing democracy,
a city valuing freedom and equality above all. However, excessive freedom
and lack of order allow selfish desires to dominate, paving the way for tyranny.
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