Understanding Cofactors

Today we explore cofactors, the essential non-protein helpers that make life's chemical reactions

possible. Many enzymes are inactive on their own and require these small molecules

to function effectively. When an inactive apoenzyme combines with its cofactor, it becomes a

fully functional holoenzyme. Cofactors are broadly split into two types. First,

inorganic ions, often referred to as metal ions. Consider Magnesium or Iron.

These ions stabilize the enzyme structure or participate directly in catalysis. Next are organic

cofactors, or coenzymes. These are complex molecules that often come from our

diet. Most coenzymes are derived from vitamins, like B12 or Vitamin C,