Understanding COPD: Prevalence, Pathology, and Treatment

COPD is one of the most underdiagnosed conditions in primary care, affecting sixteen million

Americans. Incidence peaks after age sixty-five, with gender gaps narrowing as smoking

patterns have equalized. Chronic inflammation destroys alveolar walls causing emphysema, while mucus hypersecretion

creates chronic bronchitis. Patients present with progressive dyspnea and chronic cough. The classic barrel

chest appears in advanced disease. Spirometry is the gold standard. An FEV1 to

FVC ratio below point seven zero confirms obstruction. Initial management uses albuterol.

Moderate disease uses long-acting antagonists, while severe cases require combination therapy. Phosphodiesterase-four inhibitors and

emerging biologics are potentially revolutionizing treatment for frequent exacerbations.